Idaho Falls

Idaho Falls Idaho Falls, city (1990 pop. 43,929), seat of Bonneville co., SE Idaho, traversed by the Snake River; inc. 1900. The chief city of the extensively irrigated upper Snake valley, Idaho Falls is the prosperous commercial and processing center of a cattle, dairy, and farm region that produces potatoes, wheat, sugar beets, and alfalfa. Building materials, food products, leather goods, and electronic equipment are manufactured, and tourism is important (the city lies near several national parks and major recreational areas). Nearby Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory, a national reactor testing station, is also a principal source of employment. Idaho Falls was originally a miner's fording point over the Snake River, first settled by Mormons. The impressive Idaho Falls Mormon Temple (opened 1945) is a prominent landmark. Several annual rodeos are held in Idaho Falls. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. Political Geography

Willy Loman Tragic Hero Analysis - 971 Words

Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller is a play of multiple tragedies. The word tragedy is defined as â€Å"a dreadful, or fatal event or affair; disaster†. The main character, Willy Loman, shows how one dream can become a disaster through his impractical dreams and failing at achieving these goals. Not only does he fail at his dreams, he participates in an affair that is against morals. The idea of a tragic hero is defined as â€Å"a great or virtuous character in a dramatic tragedy who is destined for downfall, suffering, or defeat†. Miller believes that the common man is the best tragic hero because it shows that the average, everyday man struggles to achieve goals in life. He thinks the common man fights to maintain self-worth and dignity. Willy†¦show more content†¦Empathy from the audience is also shared when Loman has mental struggles. â€Å"I realize I’m goin’ sixty miles an hour and I don’t remember the last five minutes,† Wi lly explains this feeling to Linda. It shows that he physically can’t control his mind sometimes and makes the illness a weak spot for him. Willy’s funeral was also a let down to his life and makes the audience feel sorry for him; he expected lots of people to attend the funeral, when in reality only his family and neighbor showed up. It was his only wish for the funeral and it didn’t happen. Willy Loman makes an ill decision to commit suicide, but was not intended to harm any of his loved ones. The purpose of his suicide was to give the life insurance money to his family so that they no longer had to struggle. â€Å"Does it take more guts to stand here the rest of my life ringing up a zero?† Willy realizes the benefits of completing this act; he wants to do something for his family. Not only is Willy able to support his family, but he is able to escape all of the failures he has been through in his life. He would no longer have to deal with being a bad father, the affair with his wife, not being a successful salesman, and not being able to support his family. Willy will no longer have to live a life that ehe doesn’t enjoy. With theShow MoreRelatedWilly Loman Tragic Hero Analysis956 Words   |  4 Pagesis revolved around the concept of tragedy and a tragic hero. Aristotle defines tragedy as â€Å"the consequence of a man’s total compulsion to evalu ate himself justly†. A tragic hero is defined as â€Å"a literary character who makes a judgement error that inevitably leads to his/her own destruction†. These two concepts apply to the play in the sense that Willy Loman is a man of good intentions, but there is often an undesirable outcome of them. Also, Willy is a victim of himself and his own beliefs. ArthurRead More Modern Tragic Hero Essay1304 Words   |  6 Pagesfeatures the life of Willy Loman, a delusional salesman with a grandiose plan to live the American dream. As a result to the tragic events of Willy Loman’s life starting with his father’s abandonment, and ending with his suicide, Willy Loman never lives the life he has always dreamed. Although, arguably discredited as a tragic hero, Willy Loman attains the qualities essential to credit him as a tragic hero of modern times. Whether or not Willy Loman is a tragic hero in Death of a Salesman’sRead MoreEssay about The American Dream in Death of a Salesman1371 Words   |  6 Pagesview of Willy Loman as a tragic hero because he is convinced that the way to achieve a better life is by living the American Dream. Willy Loman believes that he will find success with the American Dream through his likable personality. Yet, he dies without it, which adds to his tragic downfall. In the play, the American Dream is a misguided perception of success by both Willy Loman and his family. For Willy, the key to achieving success is being well liked. This is a concept that Willy Loman regardsRead MoreWilly Loman as a Tragic Hero in Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman1218 Words   |  5 PagesWilly Loman as a Tragic Hero in Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman Should Willy Loman of Arthur Millers classic, Death of a Salesman be regarded as a tragic hero, or merely a working-class, socially inadequate failure? Described by Miller as a self-destructive, insecure anti-hero, it seems almost impossible for Loman to be what is known as a tragic hero in the classical sense, but with the inclusion of other factors he maybe a tragic hero, at least in the modernRead MoreDeath of a Salesman1332 Words   |  5 Pagesplay’s titular character in Death of a Salesman, Willy Loman is viewed by many as the definitive modern tragic hero of modern literature. He is a man struggling to gain upward mobility in a society designed to keep him in the trenches. The classic idea of a tragic hero is an important person who falls from a lofty seat in life. Willy, however, is just a common man trying to get to a place he can fall from. According to Arthur Miller, a tragic hero need not be a king or anyone of high rank. What’sRead MoreHamartia in Oedipus Rex and Death of a Salesman834 Words   |  3 Pagesleading to the downfall of a tragic hero. Aristotle defines a tragic hero to be a man â€Å"who is not completely good and just, whose misfortune is brought out not by vice or immorality, but by some error or weakness.† The three key requirements of Aristotle in regards to a tragic hero are; a high social standing, goodness or moral excellence, or error committed by the hero in unawareness or ignorance. Two quality examples of men that portray Aristotle’s idea of a tragic hero, and who also fit the threeRead MoreDeath of a Hero in Modern Tragedy Essay607 Words   |  3 PagesDeath of a Hero in Modern Tragedy *No Works Cited Is there anything that can evoke more emotion from an audience than a heros downfall? The most effective plays in history, from Oedipus , the most famous of all tragedies, to plays like Romeo and Juliet , tragedies are always the plays with the greatest emotional impact on an audience. There are many critics who believe that tragedies can no longer be effectively written in todays world. These critics believe that the tragic mode isRead More Death of a Salesman is a Tragedy as Defined in Millers Tragedy and the Common Man1046 Words   |  5 PagesSalesman. The first major standard of tragedy set forth is:   â€Å"...if the exaltation of tragic action were truly a property of the high-bred character alone, it is inconceivable that the mass of mankind should cherish tragedy above all other forms.† All persons regardless of background, nobility stature, rank, or pretended or actual social division can innately empathize with the tragic hero. In the case of Willy Loman there is a certain familiarity. He is the proverbial man down the block; indeed weRead MoreDeath of a Salesman and Oedipus Rex1348 Words   |  5 PagesAccording to Aristotle, a tragic hero can be distinguished as one who can identify the source of his downfall. In Death of a Salesman, Willy Loman’s character refutes Aristotle’s theory, as he is notorious for blinding himself from the truth which appears quite obvious to others around him. As a salesman throughout his life, Willy’s set his life’s goals on materialistic things and ultimat ely he does not achieve those goals. Distinctly opposite to Willy, Oedipus in the play Oedipus Rex enters lifeRead MoreDeath Of A Salesman Tragedy Essay1365 Words   |  6 PagesDeath of a Salesman is a tragic play written in 1949 by Arthur Miller. The story is about a salesman who lost his identity after having an affair with another woman and can’t seem to accept the changes in his life since the event. The story has been performed in theaters and shown on film for many years. Lee Siegel, a writer for The Nation explains the role of Death of a Salesman in the entertainment industry: Every ten years or so, Death of a Salesman is revived, and every ten years we get the

Biology Investigation Woodlice - 1925 Words

* Biology Investigation 3.1 Porcellio Scaber (Slater, Woodlouse) Task 1 The crustacean Porcellio Scaber, or more commonly known as the woodlouse, is a species usually found in leaf litter or in fallen trees and bark. It feeds on detritus like many other isopods of its type, and is generally predated on by small mammals, lizards and some insects. The woodlouse habitat reflects its need to avoid warm and dry areas. The woodlouse is prone to desiccation (drying out) due to its body’s large surface area to volume ratio. This results in a variety of behavioural adaptations that help it conserve moisture and avoid desiccation. The woodlouse exhibits negative phototaxes behaviour, this results in them moving away from brighter areas in†¦show more content†¦Draw a 2cmx2cm grid with the crayon covering the section of black paper. 11. Place the bucket onto the grid with the open end facing down. 12. Trace the buckets circumference onto the black paper with the crayon. Dot the square in the centre of this circle. This will be the starting point for the woodlice. 13. Turn on the bulb to the specific voltage for the trial. 14. Take readings for Lux, Humidity and Temperature (In this investigation, readings were taking by putting the sensor up through the lip of the bucket). In future trials attempt to match them to these readings. It is more efficient to do all trials on the same day to make sure of the same humidity and temperature. 15. Place woodlouse onto starting square and quickly start the stopwatch while counting the number of squares the woodlouse moves. 16. After 2 minutes stop the stopwatch and note the amount of squares the woodlouse travelled in that time. 17. Repeat steps 13-16 for each specific voltage. 18. Change woodlice and start the next set of trials. 19. Repeat until 7 trials have been conducted. Results: * Column1 | * Average | * 10V | 27 | * 11V | 34.7 | * 12V | 40.9 | * 13V | 45.6 | * 14V | 64.3 | * 15V | 97 | Conclusion: In conclusion the hypothesis proved to be correct. During the investigation the woodlice did indeed have a fasterShow MoreRelatedEdexcel Mock Biology2329 Words   |  10 PagesWrite your name here Surname Other names Centre Number Candidate Number Edexcel GCE Biology Advanced Subsidiary Unit 4: The Natural Environment and Species Survival Wednesday 16 June 2010 – Morning Time: 1 hour 30 minutes You do not need any other materials. Paper Reference 6BI04/01 Total Marks Instructions black ink or †¢ Usein the boxesball-point pen. page with your name, at the top of this †¢ Fill number and candidate number. centre †¢ Answer all questions. in the spacesRead MoreEcological Niche1283 Words   |  6 Pageswater by eatting food Rate This Answer Upper Hutt College Year 13 Biology Slater Study Achievement standard: biology 3.1 Introduction to experiment: In this investigation of the ecological niche of the woodlouse, I chose to experiment the amount of soil moisture that the slaters tend to prefer. I chose this aspect, as moisture is a vital part in the survival of this small creature. Internet sources provided information of the woodlice that shows that they are from crustacean descent and formerly aquaticRead MoreEssay about Effect of Rotanone2814 Words   |  12 PagesInsectisides Pirimicarb and Rotenone on Blowfly, Blowfly larvae, Woodlice and Daphni Abstract The LC50 of insecticides rotenone and pirimicarb were compared by testing blowfly, blowfly larva, woodlice and daphnia. Rotenone is a NADH dehydrogenase inhibitor causing death by oxidative stress however pirimicarb causes toxicity through acetylcholinesterase inhibition. It was found that rotenone had large toxic effects on daphnia, blowflies and woodlice but not maggots and pirimicarb had low toxic effects onRead MoreSlater Study2592 Words   |  11 PagesUpper Hutt College Year 13 Biology Slater Study Achievement standard: biology 3.1 Introduction to experiment: In this investigation of the ecological niche of the woodlouse, I chose to experiment the amount of soil moisture that the slaters tend to prefer. I chose this aspect, as moisture is a vital part in the survival of this small creature. Internet sources provided information of the woodlice that shows that they are from crustacean descent and formerly aquatic even though now theyRead MoreSlater Study2600 Words   |  11 PagesUpper Hutt College Year 13 Biology Slater Study Achievement standard: biology 3.1 Introduction to experiment: In this investigation of the ecological niche of the woodlouse, I chose to experiment the amount of soil moisture that the slaters tend to prefer. I chose this aspect, as moisture is a vital part in the survival of this small creature. Internet sources provided information of the woodlice that shows that they are from crustacean descent and formerly aquatic even though

The Ethics of Micro Finance Free Essays

string(42) " in the position to benefit most from it\." Christopher Martin ‘Micro-finance programmes are aimed at reducing poverty. What ethical challenges are raised by the operation of micro-finance and which ethical theory can best be applied to assess how Grameen Bank addresses these challenges? ’ Introduction: The essay seeks to examine the ethical issues raised by the operation of microfinance. In the first section, an overview will be offered. We will write a custom essay sample on The Ethics of Micro Finance or any similar topic only for you Order Now In the second section the ethical challenges posed by operation of micro-finance will be examined. In the third section, an overview of Grameen Bank will be given. Finally, in the fourth section, the ethical theories of Kant, Bentham and Aristotle will be applied to the ethical issues raised by the operation of Grameen Bank to see which theory best applies. 1. What is micro-finance? Conventional banks like we in the west know are not as widespread in the developing world. Even in places where there ‘mainstream’ banks do have operations, large numbers of people will not be in a position to utilise their services. Such people have been termed the ‘unbankable poor’. The World Bank estimates that there are 2. billion people (nearly 40% of world’s population) who do not have access to formal financial services. Microfinance has emerged in the last few decades in response to the needs of such people for savings and loans facilities. It is an alternative to them have to use the services of what are colloquially termed ‘loan sharks’, who charge high rates so high that borrowers struggle to pay off the princ ipal sum borrowed. Micro-finance is the provision of savings facilities and small value loans to typically to poor people in the Third World. Such people have a need for financial services, particularly as there is a lack of in rural areas where there is a lack of banking facilities. This makes it harder to makes deposits and so build up any sort of savings. For instance 1 †if you live in a straw hut in a village, finding a safe place to store savings is not easy. † People need sums for 2 â€Å"life-cycle events such as births, marriages emergency situations. † Stuart Rutherford in ‘The Poor and Their Money’ outlines the 3 â€Å" Three common ways of raising large sums i) selling assets they already own (or expect to, e. g. dvance sale of crops) ii) mortgaging or ‘pawning’ those assets. iii) finding a way of turning their finding a way of turning their small savings into large lump sums. It is important to note that there is not any ‘one-size fits all’ definition of poverty . Muhammed Yunnus asks the rhetorical question 4 â€Å"Who on the list below is poor and w ho is not: -a jobless person, -an illiterate person, -a homeless person, -a person who does not produce enough food to feed his or her family year round, -a person with a thatched house that lets in rain? -person suffering from malnutrition, -person who does not send his or her children to school? street vendor? Micro-finance may increase someone’s income but that may just be spent on everyday consumption and not on addressing any of the different facets of poverty on Yunnu’s list. For instance, using an increase in income to send a child to school. Savings The very poorest may be too risk averse to take out a loan as they may have an erratic income, for instance due to crop failure. Hence the need for savings. In micro-finance schemes there are two types of savings schemes: I) Locked in: not available for withdrawal until a member a customer left the bank. Used as loan collateral The use of this method was based on the 5 â€Å"Powerful perception tha that the ‘poor cannot save. † ii. Open-access savings which can, it is argued, 6 â€Å"generate much more net savings per client per year (and thus greater capital for the MFI) than compulsory, locked in savings schemes†¦ and provide a useful and well used facility for clients while doing so. † Fundamental to the repayment of micro-finance loans is the group dynamic principle. Peer pressure plays an important part in binding members together. Trust is built up and the commitment to repay is increased via mutually reinforcing behaviour. It can be described as a case of ‘one for all one and all for one’ in terms of repaying the loan. -However, there are potential problems as it depends on the co-operation of members. However, 7 â€Å"if it goes badly, then they are all in trouble. † A benefit of individual loans is that 8 â€Å"the lending institution knows who exactly is responsible for the repayment of the loan, and does not get lost in a maze of group members referring to or blaming one another. ’’ Section 2 ethical challenges Doubts have been cast on the overall utility of micro-finance programmes in reducing poverty. Some critics argue that 9 â€Å"that micro-finance programmes fail to reach the poorest, generally have a limited effect on income, address the symptom rather than the social cause of poverty†. The 10 â€Å"focus on income poverty† being reduced by 11 â€Å"the provision of credit for income-generation through self-employment. † Neglects to address the deep rooted causes of poverty such as lack of education and poor transport infrastructure. Micro-finance is concentrated on the ‘bankable poor’ as they are seen as more able to take advantage of a loan to e. g. buy more equipment and so 12 â€Å" can take more risk than the poorest households without threatening their minimum needs for survival. † It is ironic that a program aimed at reducing poverty excludes the very poorest from participating. However micro-finance programs obviously the motive of reducing poverty. There are 13 ‘’MF premised on the notion that credit is a human right it can improve the lives of the poorest . † But as the very poorest are excluded the application of credit as a ‘human right’ is not universal. If something is a ‘human right’ is supposed to apply to all humans. In this case it doesn’t so it would fail Immanuel Kant’s Categorical Imperative†¦.. It could be argued that Yunnus is instead focussing micro-finance on those people who are in the position to benefit most from it. You read "The Ethics of Micro Finance" in category "Essay examples" 14 â€Å"Although Yunus frames his vision of MF in the language of human rights, his ideas are in fact concerned with entrepreneurial rather than redistribution. † Thus he is a social businessman rather than a philanthropist. Micro-finance institutions are self-sustaining businesses rather than charities and so 15 â€Å"poverty reduction becomes an externality and not a goal as such†. Thus Yunnus and others could be charged as potentially using borrowers as means rather than ends. Section 3 Grameen Bank Economics professor Muhammad Yunnus was motivated to set up Grameen after being disheartened at the level of poverty he witnessed in rural villages in his native Bangladesh in the early 1970’s. A catalysing experience was when he met 16 â€Å" Sufiya Begum, a woman from a village called Jobra. Like many others in her village, she relied on the local moneylender for the cash she needed to buy the bamboo for the stools she crafted. † That loan was only granted on the condition that she sold to him (the money lender) all of her output at a price determined by him. 17 â€Å" Thus, though hard working, she was trapped in poverty. † Furthermore the villagers were cut off from borrowing from 18 â€Å"conventional bankers since they had no credit histories and no collateral to offer, and could not even fill out the necessary paperwork because they were illiterate†. 1. Muhammed Yunnus’s was focused on providing the loans to the landless as he saw them as being more entrepreneurial than tradition bound farmers. He was very much of the view that micro-finance could help the poor to help themselves through becoming self reliant. Grameen means village in Bengali. Muhummad Yunnus wanted the bank to be the antithesis of a faceless bureaucratic bank headquarted in a large city (even though it is now). He aimed at recruiting banking staff who would build up an understanding of the everyday lives of villagers and the challenges they faced. This would make it easier to identify which people would benefit most. Crucially this helped to engender the building up of levels of trust between the borrowers in village who took out the collateral free and contract free loans. Vitally the development of the level of trust necessary to ensure repayment collateral free loans without any contract was the process of group dynamic in binding borrowers together with mutually reinforcing behaviour. What helped make the repayment process be manageable for borrowers was that loans were paid in small weekly instalments rather than one lump sum to worry about at the end of the loan period. )Application of ethical theory: Grameen Bank’s focus on borrowers becoming self reliant relates to them developing virtues of self reliance and not being burdensome to others. Yunnus argued 19 †On the recipient side, charity can have devastating effects. It robs the recipient of dignity, and it removes the incentive of having to generate inco me. It makes the recipient passive and satisfied with thinking ‘all I have to do is sit her with my hand out and I will earn a living† Instead, borrowers will developing a sense of ownership by coming 20 â€Å"With their own ideas† for business generation. In this respect Yunnus is treating borrowers as ends and not means as he leaving it up to them how they behave. The programme develops members sense of self-discipline of saving regularly as they had to 21 â€Å"save for several months before they were eligible for to borrow. The requirement to save first also results in an investment in the institution that will lend to them – thus the loans they receive are financed not just by an outside faceless agency, but also by their own savings and those of their friends and neighbours. The borrowers are much more likely to be committed and conscientious about repaying. ’. Yunnus challenges the assumptions on human nature made by conventional banking paradigms by issuing collateral free loans without any contracts. 22 â€Å"Grameen assumes that every borrower is basically honest. We may be accused of being naive, but it saves us having to fill in all those endless documents And in 99 per cent of the cases our trust turns out to be vindicated. Bad loans of 0. 5 per cent is the cost of doing business, and it also represents a constant reminder of what we need to improve in order to succeed. † Micro-finance proponents can’t be completely 3 â€Å" ethical claiming to reduce poverty while pursuing other objectives. This is particularly so because other people’s money is involved†. The intentions of institutions should be transparent, e. g. through a mission statement and should not be cloaked in language that hides agendas of e. g. making a profit for shareholders, by only stressing social objectives. 24 â€Å"Furthermore the imbalance of power between the lender and the borrower. † surely makes it harder for borrowers to pursue their own interests as they have to be reconciled with the banks financial interest. Within the framework of the ethics of Immanuel Kant, Professor Yunnus succeeds ethically as is acting from the altruistic motive of reducing poverty. Kant agreeed that 25 â€Å"to act from a good will is to act from duty. † Aristotle takes a stricter approach by arguing that acts are ethical if agents go beyond just doing so from a sense of duty. For instance, someone only went to visit an elderly relative out of a sense of duty, and not from any greater concern for the relatives welfare. Muhammad Yunnus’s focus on helping the poor maintain their sense of dignity by becoming more self reliant is consistent with Kant’s approach as Kant argues 26 â€Å"â€Å"Our free will is what gives us our dignity and unconditioned worth† This of course relates to Kant maintaining that people should be considered as ends in themselves rather than means to someone else’s end. Kant’s stress on the universality of ethical principles is relevant to the potential problem of people stopping viewing promises as binding. The group dynamic principle of micro-finance surely make the promises of members more binding as otherwise it would seem that if one person got away with not paying, then no one would and then the bank would not lend to them.. Additionally, as the borrowers and the bank are both benefitting so 27 †No one (is) used merely as a means in an voluntary economic exchange where both parties benefit. † Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill’s Utilitatarianism holds that the ethical utility of actions can be measured by the consequences. This approach is onsistent with the cost-benefit analysis adopted by contemporary businessses where the utility being measured is profit. In the case of Grameen Bank the utility can be measure by a) the rate of loan repayment According to Yunnus the default rate was only 28 â€Å"0. 5 per cent†. However, on the other hand many members of Grameen were unhappy with their savings being ‘lockked-in’ and 29 â€Å" were leaving the organisation in order to realise their (often substantial) compulsory savings. † Such members went on strike in 1995 to protest at being denied accesss to their savings. 30 â€Å"The financial consequences of the strike were profound. According to an unpublished Grameen Bank internal report (1996), in Tangail District the cumulative un-repaid amount had climbed to over $2 million. † More generally, in terms of consequences for members there have been benefits. The scheme has helped the majority to build up savings that could be used as capital. Additionally it the scheme has helped reduce income poverty 31 â€Å"Grameen bank members had incomes about 28 % higher than the target group of non-participants. † Act utilitarianism seems like the most appropriate branch of Utilitarianism to apply to Grameen bank and Muhammad Yunnus. An act is right’ if it maximises utility. A sort of moral s is used to calculate the long term benefits and harm for each actor and then compute the result. But there is the problem of time-framing how long a period eto consider. One is reminded of Keynes quote ‘in the long term we are all dead’. Act utilitarian’s consider themselves equally with others so are not egoist in just assessing whether an act maximises their own individual utility or well being. Yunnus does seem sincere in doing that and is aiming to benefit the members as opposed to just enriching himself. However on the other hand, Utilitarianism could be consistent with the Grameen member group dynamic process discussed earlier. Members realise that there will be bad consequences for them and their peers if they don’t follow the ‘rule’ of repaying’ and so are compelled to follow the rule. Robert Solomon, writing in ‘A companion to business ethics’ argues that 32 â€Å" â€Å"In business ethics it is generally agreed that three elements, the principles of an action, the action itself, and the action’s consequences must be taken into account. However there is another option†: virtue ethics. Grameen’s ethos of borrowers using using the loans to become self employed is connected to them developing the character traits consistent with the virtue of self reliance. Aristotle deemed behaviour a virtuous if is it was consistent with a 33 †mean between the extremes† of e. g. being dependent on someone else’s act of charity and being selfish. As the 34â€Å"Various virtues reinforce one another†, the principle can be applied to the Grameen member group dynamic of mutually reinforcing behaviour encouraging the repayment of the loan. In this case it is the non relative virtue of trustworthiness that is being reinforced. It could also be argued that different members are motivated by Aristotle’s 33 â€Å"Idea of practice- shared cooperative activity with mutually understood goals and ways of doing things. Conclusion Muhammad Yunnus set up Grameen bank with a good motive out of concern for the poor. Yes, this pure motive has been diluted by the pragmatic need for the bank to be financially self sustaining. For instance the previous use of locked in loans would be termed coercive by Kant, so in this aspect the borrowers are being treated as means. How the bank lets members come up with their own ideas for business generation is consistent with Kant’s belief on people’s free will that enables them to be rational and moral. Furthermore as both the bank and the borrowers are benefitting from this economic exchange, then the borrowers are not being treated as means and so this would pass Kant’s test of whether it is ethical. It is difficult to measure the individual benefits and downsides experienced by the individual members, thus making it a less effective ethical yardstick. However the high repayment rate does score well on the Utilitarian scale. But ultimately, Muhammad Yunnus is motivate by concern at the suffering of the rural poor. Crucially he wants to help them help themselves. One is reminded of Bob Geldof’s fishing rod analogy –better to give a man a fishing rod, than a fish. Yunnus and Grameen bank are thus actively promoting the virtue of self reliance. Additionally they are promoting the virtues of co-operation and trust via the group dynamic and by the fact the loans are collateral and contract free. Critics of Yunnus may have attacked him because he isn’t the perfect philanthropist. Rather, he is a socially responsible businessman. Bibliography Wright, Graham, ‘Micro-finance systems’ 2000, The University Press, Zed Books, London. Roy, Ananya, ‘Poverty Capital’ 2010, Routledge, Oxford. Activities that are unlikely to create indebtedness† Rutherford, Stuart, †The Poor and Their Money’, 2000, Oxford University Press, New Delhi Yunnus, Muhammad (with Alan Jolis), ‘Banker to the Poor’, 1999, Aurum Press, London Yunus, M, Moingen, B and Lehmann-Ortega, L, ‘Micro Finance- Building social business models: Lessons from the Grameen experiences’, article in ‘LONG RANGE PLANNING   Ã‚  Volume: 43   Ã‚  Issue: 2-3   Ã‚  Special Issue: Sp. Iss. SI   Ã‚  Pages: 308-325   Ã‚  Published: APR-JUN 2010 Rutherford, S, ‘The Poor and Their Money’ , 2000, Oxford University Press, New Delhi. Frederick, R, ‘Companion to business ethics’, 2002, Blackwell Publishing, Oxford Vanroose, A, ‘Is microfinance an ethical way to provide financial services to the poor? Microfinance: Are its promises ethically justified? CEB Working Paper N ° 07/014 June 2007 References 1. Wright, G, Microfinance Systems, page 2 2â€Å" â€Å" page 1 3â€Å" â€Å" page 5 3. Yunnus, Banker to the poor, page 10 4. Wright, G, page 71 6. Wright, G, page 69 7. Wright, G, page 139 8 Wright, G, page 139 9. Wright, G, page 6 10. Wright, G, page 8 11. Wright, G, page 8 12. Wright, G, page 11 13. Roy, A, ‘Poverty Capital, page 13 14. Roy, A, page 23 15. Vanroose, A, CEB Working paper, page 11 16. Yunus, M, Moingen, B and Lehmann-Ortega, L, ‘Micro Finance- Building social business models: Lessons from the Grameen experiences’, Page 314 17. Ditto 18. Ditto 19. Yunnus, Muhammad (with Alan Jolis), ‘Banker to the Poor’, page 22 20. Yunnus, Banker to the poor, page 114 21. Wright, G, Microfinance systems, page 137 2. Yunnus, ‘Banker to the poor’, page 111 23 Vanroose, A, ‘Is microfinance an ethical way to provide financial services to the poor? , page 4 24. Ditto 25. Frederick, R, ‘Companion to Business Ethics, Chapter 1 by Solomon, R, page 3 26. â€Å" â€Å" page 4 27. Frederik, R, page 7 28. Yunnus, M, ‘Banker to the poor’ page 111 29. Wright, G, page 78 30. Wright, G page 78 31. Yunnus, Lehman-Ortega, page 12 32. Frederick, R, page 30 33. Frederick, R, page 30 34. Frederick,R page 32 How to cite The Ethics of Micro Finance, Essay examples

Social Structure Theory Research Paper free essay sample

The easiest way that I can explain social structure theory is by using examples from my own life. I grew up in the projects with my single drug addict mother and my little sister. From birth I was raised surrounded by drugs, violence, prostitution and many other crimes. My mom has never worked and we grew up on nothing but government aid. All these things were the perfect environments to create criminals. I was a direct product of my environment growing up. Since from when I can remember, I grew up getting into fights, robbing house, breaking into cars, and using and selling drugs. This was all a normal life to me. It is what I grew up knowing. Only knowing this life and was able to justify it full heartedly. I was kicked out of high school for fighting and was just headed down the worse path possible. I was following everyone that I grew up around. We will write a custom essay sample on Social Structure Theory Research Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Finally I took some advice from someone elder that told me back in middle school that thankfully stuck with me. â€Å"If you want to be like someone and have the things they have, surround yourself with those people and do what they do†. From then on I have been able to take control of my life and become a functioning and successful member of society. I went and got my diploma. Then went to college in Kansas for criminal justice. After that I joined the military. Now I am out and seeking to further my education. I drive the car I dreamt of driving as a kid and about to have my first kid with my beautiful and also successive girlfriend. All of this made possible simply by changing my surrounding environment. Social structure theory is defined Siegel (2011), â€Å"The view that disadvantaged economic class position is a primary cause of crime† (pg. 470). I believe this to be true. Growing up in the projects a lot of things were not viewed as crimes in our subculture. Something as simple as fighting was a daily thing to be in or to watch in a struggle for power and respect, but in societies outside of our realm that is unbelievable. Growing up in the projects you have to become tough fast. According to Anderson (1999), â€Å"These children of the street, growing up with little supervision, are said to â€Å"come up hard. † They often learn to fight at an early age, using short-tempered adults around them as role models† (pg. 49). We grew up doing what we saw and were taught. Growing up I had no clue that these things were even slightly that wrong because it was of our social norms. Norms are defined as Henslin (2012), â€Å"expectations of â€Å"right† behavior† (pg. 45). If someone disrespected my family, my neighborhood, or me I was expected to fight and that is how we resolved things. By doing this I received positive sanctions from my family and the block. Positive sanctions are defined as Henslin (2012), â€Å"a reward or positive reaction for following norms, ranging from a smile to a material reward† (pg. 45). Other social norms that I grew up learning and doing was selling drugs. Growing up this wasn’t frowned upon by any adult on the block and was encouraged by my mother so I could bring some money into the house. Part of the study of the social structure theory and the study of the information gathered is positivism. In the book The Structure of Social Theory it describes positivism as Johnson (1984) â€Å"Positivism is most frequently used to refer to the extension of empiricist models of natural science to the field of human action, by arguing for either a methodological or substantive unity of the two. The claim for methodological unity leads to behaviorism, while the latter implies reductionist explanations, i. e. the explanation of human action in terms of either ‘heredity’ or ‘environment’. † (pg. 32). According to Henslin (2012) â€Å"It was first proposed by Auguste Comte (1798-1857)† (pg. 10). Since we can study people’s actions and be able to understand them as a science, we can understand crime and what causes it. Criminology: The Core says that there are three branches of the social structure theory. When these theories come together in an environment it will be the ideal circumstances for crime to develop in a community. One of the first theories is the social disorganization theory. Social disorganization theory is defined as Siegel (2011) â€Å"Branch of social structure theory that focuses on the breakdown in inner-city neighborhoods of institutions such as the family, school, and employment. † (pg. 142). These theory focuses on the condition in the environment such as: deteriorated neighborhoods, inadequate social control, law-violation gangs and groups, and conflicting social values. This covers a lot of things growing up that there was no real order or even any motivation for order in the aspects of our life. Being surrounded in this type of environment even if a parent wants to set their child on a good path, it is made almost impossible because of the elements of gangs and strain that everyone around them is going through. Which brings me to the next theory. Strain theory is defined as Siegel (2011) â€Å"Branch of social structure theory that sees crime as a function of the conflict between people’s goals and the means available to obtain them. † (pg. 142). Strain theory focuses on conflict between goals and the means such as: unequal distribution of wealth and power, frustration, and alternative methods of achievement. What the strain theory focuses on was a huge part of my anger and justification of why I would commit crimes. I viewed a lot of things as just not fair and how someone could just have an easy road and even if they were a screw up, their parents had money and they were going to be someone in life no matter what they did. What is even more infuriating about that was the fact that they took it for granted and didn’t care. Even if I did stray away from the gangs and the crime as much as possible, I still had to make it out of my environment on my own. I was just a poor kid out of the projects with no skills, no professional references, and no cosigners for college. Just no real help for any direction and I am expected to be a functioning member of society but frowned upon if I didn’t do good in their eyes. In Code of the Street the chapter about the decent daddy goes over really well about how hard it is to distinguish yourself from the community you are associated with even if you are doing all the right things. It was insanely frustrating that even if you did do right, you were viewed the same. Also it was frustrating that you felt that you were stuck in that place no matter how hard you tried so you start to accept that label that you weren’t ever going to be anything and eventually stopped trying. Whenever you combine the social disorganization theory and the strain theory, you get the cultural deviance theory. Cultural deviance theory is defined as Siegel (2011) â€Å"Branch of social structure theory that sees strain and social disorganization together resulting in a unique lower-class culture that conflicts with conventional social norms. † (pg. 142). Cultural deviance theory focuses on what occurs from the combination of the two other theories. It looks at the development of subcultures as a result of disorganization and stress and the subcultural values in opposition to conventional values. Growing up in this environment we did learn to create our own subculture and accept that we were different from them. By doing this, it made me have no remorse for the people that I was committing crimes against. I was labeled as a criminal that wasn’t ever going to be anything and I accepted that role. Labeling theory is Henslin (2012) â€Å"the view that the labels people are given affect their own and others’ perceptions of them, thus channeling their behavior into either deviance or conformity. † (pg. 197). I did accept the label that they gave me and if I was going to be called something or thought of a certain way no matter what, I might as well do it since I am already considered it. So burglarizing people’s houses or cars didn’t seem like a crime to me because I saw it as they have the money anyways and doesn’t affect or hurt them. I am going to take from them since they have it. I wasn’t viewing these as crimes or showing any remorse for it because I saw them as different than me. Same as robbing people we caught slippin the neighborhood. It was like what ever, his mommy and daddy would just give him more money. I would do these things on a day-to-day basis and didn’t even see them as crimes. This is a huge part of why I believe that crime happens and is the root of crime. These types of environments brew criminals and like on my behalf that the criminals just see it as a normal way of life and don’t really consider most the crimes that they commit to be actually crimes. Crime becomes a way of life and ways of survival to people that grow up in these types of environments. If we want to prevent crimes we need to address the branches of the social structure theory. The reason that I am considered a good functioning member of society now is because I followed the lucky advice that I stumbled upon which was â€Å"If you want to be like someone and have the things they have, surround yourself with those people and do what they do†. Even though I received that advice, that doesn’t mean that it was easy to obtain. I got really lucky with some of the people that stayed in my life. Also, the programs that were established on the block helped out a lot as well. Just the simple fact of seeing a better life and being surrounded by positive reinforcement for people is enough to give you something small to strive for. If we want to help prevent crime we need to get it at the source. By taking care of the lower-class neighborhoods and implementing programs to keep kids busy with good role models or help with resume writing and training for job interviews. You are able to instill positive hope of moving forward and transitioning out of the place that they feel that they are stuck in. From my experience the cards that I was dealt and the environment that I grew up in, I was set to be a carrier criminal. But with the programs they placed on my block and positive people I surrounded with, it alleviated the strain and frustration that I was feeling and made me change my ways knowing that I was actually able to be better.

Research Paper on War

Research Paper on War To write a research paper on war, all you should know is about the war and the writing pattern of a research paper on war. The first thing that you should be aware of is the war. Try to collect as much information from various sources that help you in terms of war information. Read many books, search articles by various authorized and good research paper writers, check journal entries, try to see the news briefings when there was war to write a research paper on war. For writing a research paper on war, one thing that you should know is to be objective although it is quite difficult as everyone is naturally attracted towards the place of his/her abode but you should try to be neutral. Check the facts and figures about all the countries that were involved in a war and then by assessing and evaluating all the facts and figures come to one point as to who was responsible for the war, what were the causes of war, what were the outcomes of the war, which was the advantageous side and who suffered the most, the number of people who lost their lives, the number of institutions and buildings that collapsed and the financial and economic gains and losses by any country involved in the war and also the reputation loss if there is any. You should also inform about the advantageous country if there is any and also inform about the causes of its being advantageous. The research papers on war are of many kinds such as research paper on civil war, research paper on Vietnam War, research paper on war in Iraq, and others, etc. The research papers on the war in Iraq, research papers on the civil war and other kinds of research paper on war must be written with a clear mind about the whole situation of war. You must not take side of one participant of the war and you should write keeping in consideration, the historical evidences regarding any war. For collection of historical evidences about a war and for writing a research paper about war, you should consult to the history books by reputable writers, which are accepted, on international basis. A research paper about war should be informative as well as instructional. The research paper on war should highlight the destructiveness that a war causes and it should also end up in a message that wars should be avoided as much as they can be. Research paper on war is an exercise that needs a studentâ€⠄¢s skill in terms of good reading and understanding. For all kinds of research papers on war, you can take assistance from various websites but you should keep in mind that there are various companies that are interested in their economical benefits and assist you with research papers on war that are not nicely written so, you should try to find an institution that is good for you in terms of writing. Following some useful tips as for how to write a research paper you will succeed in writing. After selection of a suitable institution, you can buy research paper on war from our agency.

Background and Impact of The Civil Rights Act of 1964

Background and Impact of The Civil Rights Act of 1964 The fight against racial injustice did not end after the passage of the  Civil Rights Act of 1964, but the law did allow activists to meet their major goals. The legislation came to be after President Lyndon B. Johnson asked Congress to pass a comprehensive civil rights bill. President John F. Kennedy had proposed such a bill in June of 1963, mere months before his death, and Johnson used Kennedys memory to convince Americans that the time had come to address the problem of segregation. Background of the Civil Rights Act After the end of Reconstruction, white Southerners regained political power and set about reordering race relations. Sharecropping became the compromise that ruled the Southern economy, and a number of African-Americans moved to Southern cities, leaving farm life behind. As the black population in Southern cities grew, whites began passing restrictive segregation laws, demarcating urban spaces along racial lines. This new racial order eventually nicknamed the Jim Crow era did not go unchallenged. One notable court case that resulted from the new laws ended up before the Supreme Court in 1896, Plessy v. Ferguson. Homer Plessy was a 30-year-old shoemaker in June of 1892 when he decided to take on Louisianas Separate Car Act, delineating separate train cars for white and black passengers. Plessys act was a deliberate decision to challenge the legality of the new law. Plessy was racially mixedseven-eighths whiteand his very presence on the whites-only car threw into question the one-drop rule, the strict black-or-white definition of race of the late 19th-century U.S. When Plessys case went before the Supreme Court, the justices decided that Louisianas Separate Car Act was constitutional by a vote of 7 to 1. As long as separate facilities for blacks and whites were equal separate but equal Jim Crow laws did not violate the Constitution. Up until 1954, the U.S. civil rights movement challenged Jim Crow laws in the courts based on facilities not being equal, but that strategy changed with Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954) when Thurgood Marshall argued that separate facilities were inherently unequal. And then came the Montgomery Bus Boycott in 1955, the sit-ins of 1960 and the Freedom Rides of 1961. As more and more African-American activists risked their lives to expose the harshness of Southern racial law and order in the wake of the Brown decision, the federal government, including the president, could no longer ignore segregation. The Civil Rights Act Five days after Kennedys assassination, Johnson announced his intention to push through a civil rights bill: We have talked long enough in this country about equal rights. We have talked for 100 years or more. It is time now to write the next chapter, and to write it in the books of law. Using his personal power in the Congress to get the needed votes, Johnson secured its passage and signed it into law in July 1964. The first paragraph of the act states as its purpose To enforce the constitutional right to vote, to confer jurisdiction upon the district courts of the United States to provide injunctive relief against discrimination in public accommodations, to authorize the Attorney General to institute suits to protect constitutional rights in public facilities and public education, to extend the Commission on Civil Rights, to prevent discrimination in federally assisted programs, to establish a Commission on Equal Employment Opportunity, and for other purposes. The bill prohibited racial discrimination in public and outlawed discrimination in places of employment. To this end, the act created the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission to investigate complaints of discrimination. The act ended the piecemeal strategy of integration by ending Jim Crow once and for all. The Impact of the Law The Civil Rights Act of 1964 did not end the civil rights movement, of course. White Southerners still used legal and extralegal means to deprive black Southerners of their constitutional rights. And in the North, de facto segregation meant that often African-Americans lived in the worst urban neighborhoods and had to attend the worst urban schools.  But because the act took a forceful stand  for civil rights, it ushered in a new era in which Americans could seek legal redress for civil rights violations. The act not only led the way for the Voting Rights Act of 1965 but also paved the way for programs like affirmative action.